Un peptide se compose de 2 acides aminés ou plus liés par une liaison amide, pour former une chaîne d’acides aminés typiquement de 2 à 70 acides aminés de long. Les peptides sont réputés pour leurs protéines ne nécessitant pas d’être repliées pour leur action biologique. Les peptides se produisent de manière endogène sous forme d’hormones peptidiques, telles que l’angiotensine et l’enképhaline, et sous forme de toxines chez les plantes et les animaux. Les peptides présentent un intérêt incalculable en tant que composés principaux pour la découverte de médicaments et en tant que médicaments à part entière. La synthèse de peptides trouve également des demandes dans les vaccins, les biomatériaux et les sondes histologiques et est utilisée en plus grand nombre comme antigènes pour fabriquer des anticorps. Les peptides sont fabriqués chimiquement soit en solution, soit en phase solide. La procédure implique la formation dirigée et sélective d’une liaison amide entre un acide aminé N-protégé et un acide aminé portant un groupe amino libre et un acide carboxylique. Dans la synthèse en phase solide, le groupe carboxyle est lié au support polymère. Après la création de la liaison, la collection amino-protectrice du dipeptide est éliminée et l’acide aminé N-protégé suivant est couplé.

La synthèse peptidique en phase solide est la méthode de synthèse peptidique fréquemment utilisée en raison de son efficacité, de sa rapidité et de sa facilité de parallélisation. Cela implique l’addition séquentielle de restes d’acides aminés protégés par des acides aminés et des chaînes latérales à un acide aminé ou à un peptide impliqué dans un support polymère insoluble. Soit un groupe Boc labile aux acides, soit un groupe Fmoc labile aux bases est utilisé pour la protection. Après l’élimination de ce groupe, l’acide aminé protégé suivant est ajouté à l’aide d’un réactif de couplage ou d’un acide aminé protégé préactivé. L’acide aminé est ancré à la résine par l’intermédiaire d’un linker dont la nature régule les conditions obligatoires pour libérer le peptide du support après allongement de chaîne.

Les groupes protecteurs de chaîne latérale sont souvent choisis pour être clivés en même temps qu’un détachement du peptide de la résine. La plupart des peptides sont prêts car le clivage final et la déprotection sont effectués par action avec de l’acide trifluoroacétique, contrairement à ce qui nécessite l’utilisation d’un liquide agressif hautement toxique dans un équipement spécialisé.

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